2008年8月27日星期三

ART狙击手瞄准镜!

在1964年,詹姆斯·莱瑟伍德提出了ART的概念,引起武器装备部的重视,在1965年由有限战争实验室(Limited Warfare Laboratory,LBL)发展一套新的瞄准系统。LBL 在Redfield 3x-9x Accu-Range瞄准镜上进行改进,把倍率调整钮连接到一个修正弹道高度的滑槽上,并把标准的十字瞄准分划线加上水平和垂直的标记线(stadia),这样就研制成一套新的瞄准系统。后来莱瑟伍德创办了自己的公司来生产和销售ART瞄准镜及配套的瞄准镜座。
ART瞄准镜的特点是在十字分划的横标线和竖标线上各有两个准距线。当放大倍率为3时,横标线的两个准距线对应于300码(约274米)处的实际长度是60码(1.52米),而竖标线的两个准距线则对应30英寸(0.76米)。如下图所示,普通士兵的腰带到钢盔顶部的长度是0.76米,故在300码的距离上,瞄准镜放大倍率装定为3时,竖标线的两个准距线刚好分别碰到瞄准镜中人像上的腰带和钢盔顶。若目标在300码以外,可调整放大倍率环圈,使准距线再次落到腰带和钢盔顶上。距离与放大倍率是成正比的,例如,距离为300码时,使用3倍放大率就刚好使准距线落在腰带和钢盔顶上,那么在放大率为9的情况下,准距线落在这两个位置时所对应的距离就一定是900码。

由此可使狙击手准确判定目标的距离。此外,ART瞄准镜还有另外一个作用——能自动地给出步枪准确的射角。该瞄准镜放大倍率环圈上有一弹道调整凸轮,它依据所使用的枪弹的种类进行装定。当把准距线调到上述正确的位置后,不仅可读出目标的距离,而且可以根据瞄准镜轴线的移动来给出步枪的射角。其做法是,先确定出弹道调整凸轮——通常用M118比赛弹作标准——在瞄准镜架的凸轮座上的位置,并用瞄准镜架中的弹簧定位。这样,不管放大倍率环圈(弹道调整凸轮即装在上面)如何调整,只要两准距线之间的目标的高度是0.76米,就可以读出准确的距离。
一般的经验做法是,对于0.38米高的目标,狙击手可把目标象调在横标线和竖标线上的一个准距线之间;对于0.51米高的目标,则目标象应占据两准距线之间2/3的长度;对于1.5米高的目标,如果方便的话,最好使用横标线上的准距线。
ART最大的优点是测距的动作和弹道高低的修正同時完成,大大降低狙击手的准备时间,可以快速地接战临时出现的目标。但是它的缺点是:有效距离受限于瞄准镜的倍率,由于倍率也是测距和修正弹道高低的主要工具,最大距离只到900码,超出此距离時除了靠经验估计,沒有其他方法可以輔助;由于要求目标在瞄准镜上呈现的影像大小一定,无法在较近距离時使用较大的倍率以求精确地狙击目标某一部位;瞄准镜和弹道导轨整体归零不易。后来ART瞄准镜经过改进,把倍率调节环与弹道调节凸轮各自独立,并改变了分划形式,改进后的ART瞄准镜被称为ARTⅡ,而原来的ART瞄准镜被称为ARTⅠ。

莱瑟伍德公司目前生产的ART瞄准镜,现在军队狙击手流行用密位点瞄准镜,因此现在的ART瞄准镜多用于打猎或射击比赛。

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